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Multimedia and audiovisual

Footnote

Format

Footnote Number. Title, directed by First Name Last Name (Original release date ; Publisher, Year), Format, Scene Locator.

First entry:

1. Jaws, directed by Stephen Spielberg (1975; Universal Pictures, 2003), DVD, 4:25.

Second and subsequent entries:

2. Jaws, 2003, 4:25.

See: CMOS 14.165 - Video and Film Recordings.
Bibliography

Format

Director's Last Name, First Name, dir. Year. Title of Work: Subtitle of Work. Credits. Publisher, recording date. Format / URL.

Spielberg, Stephen, dir. Jaws. Universal Pictures, 2003. DVD.

OR

Title of Work: Subtitle of Work. Year. Directed by First Name Last Name. Credits. Place of Publication: Publisher, recording date. Format / URL.

Jaws. 1975. Directed by Stephen Spielberg. Universal Pictures, 2003. DVD.
Notes
  • Whether you put the director or title in the author position is up to your discretion and depends on the focus of your assignment.
  • Include a time stamp for quotes and to help the reader locate a particular part of the material.  See CMOS Should I include a time stamp?
  • Note the Jaws example above.  The film was originally directed 1975 but the reference is to the DVD published 2003.  If citing only the material in the 2003 DVD, you can leave out the original date.
  • When you put someone other than the author in the author position you should state their role, e.g. producer, vocalist, presenter, interviewer, conductor, dir. (director) is the only 'role' that can be abbreviated.
  • Credits may include things like - Presented by, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Featuring, Interview by, Interview with etc.
  • Indexed scenes (like found on a DVD) are treated like a chapter and are cited by title or number and formatted with quotations marks.
Footnote

Format

Footnote Number. First Name of performer OR Name of Group, Title, Credits, Label number, Year of Release, Format/Medium, Time Stamp.

First entry:

3. U2, "Beautiful Day," track 1 on All That You Can't Leave Behind, Island Records 548 095-2, 2000, compact disc.

4. John Williams, composer and conductor, Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), with the London Symphony Orchestra, RSO Records RS-2-4201, 1980, Spotify.

Second and subsequent entries:

5. U2, “Beautiful Day”, tack 1.

6. Williams, Star Wars, Soundtrack.

See: CMOS 14.163 – Musical Recordings.

Include a time stamp for quotes and when it would help the reader locate a particular part of the material.
Bibliography

Formats

Track from album

Last Name, First Name of performer OR Name of Group. "Title of Song." Credits. Track # on Title of Album. Credits. Label label number, Year of Release, format / medium.

U2. "Beautiful Day." Track 1 on All That You Can't Leave Behind. Universal-Island Records, 2000, Spotify.

U2. "Beautiful Day." Track 1 on All That You Can't Leave Behind. Island Records 548 095-2, 2000, compact disc.

Album

Last Name, First Name of Composer, Conductor, or Performer (depends on who you emphasize in your paper), their role. Title of Album. Credits. Label Label number, Year of Release, format / medium.

Williams, John, composer and conductor. Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack). With the London Symphony Orchestra. RSO Records RS-2-4201, 1980, Spotify.

Print music is treated the same as a book

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Work: Subtitle of Work. Publisher, Year of Publication. URL.

Gjeilo, Ola. Dawn. Chester Music, 2022.

Author Last Name, First Name, role.  "Title of Song or Chapter." Credits. In Title of Work: Subtitle of Work,  Edition, XX-XX. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Freedman, Tim, composer. "No Aphrodisiac." Lyrics by Tim Freedman, Glen Dormand and Matt Ford. In The Whitlams: Eternal Nightcap, Warner Chappell Music, 1999.
Notes
  • Details of live performances are incorporated into the text of your assignment only.
  • See also CMOS 14.166: Live Performances.
  • You may need to search for some information, e.g. label name, label number, track number.
  • Who you list as 'author' is up to your discretion and depends on the focus of your work.
  • When you put someone other than the author in the author position you should state their role, e.g. producer, vocalist, presenter, interviewer, conductor, dir (director) is the only 'role' that can be abbreviated.
  • Credits may include things like - Lyrics by, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Featuring, Interview by, Interview with etc.
  • Add a recording date, if needed, after additional detail, e.g Recorded Month Date, Year.
Footnote

Format

Footnote Number. First Name Last Name OR Name of Organisation, "Title," Credits, Publisher, Month Date, Year of Release, Format/Medium, Time Stamp, URL.

OR

Footnote number. First Name Last Name OR Name of Organisation, “Title,” credits, format / medium, Month Date, Year of recording, posted Month Date, Year, by Publisher, Time Stamp, URL.

First entry:

7. Zoos Victoria. "The Snow Leopard Cubs Have Been Named!" by   Zoos Victoria, April 29, 2020, Online video, 1:25, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7sdvQwCzW0.

OR

7a. Zoos Victoria. "The Snow Leopard Cubs Have Been Named!" online video, posted April 29, 2020, by Zoos Victoria, YouTube, 1:25, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7sdvQwCzW0.

8. Robert Waldinger, "The Secret to a Happy Life - Lessons From 8 Decades of Research," posted January 2023, TED video, https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_waldinger_the_secret_to_a_happy_life_lessons_from_8_decades_of_research.

OR

8b. Robert Waldinger, "The Secret to a Happy Life - Lessons From 8 Decades of Research," TED Talk, November 2022, https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_waldinger_the_secret_to_a_happy_life_lessons_from_8_decades_of_research.

OR

9. Julian Schilliger and Youssef Nader, ”How AI is Decoding Ancient Scrolls,” TED Talk, Vienna, October, 2024, https://www.ted.com/talks/julian_schilliger_and_youssef_nader_how_ai_is_decoding_ancient_scrolls.

Second and subsequent entries:

10. Zoos Victoria, "Snow Leopard Cubs Named," 1:25.

11. Waldinger, "Secret to Happy Life," 2:06.

Include a time stamp for quotes and when it would help the reader locate a particular part of the material.

See: CMOS 14.167 Online Videos.
Bibliography

Format

Last Name, First Name or Organisation Name, role. "Title of Work: Subtitle of Work." Credits. Publisher, Year, recording date. Format/Medium. URL.

Waldinger, Robert. "The Secret to a Happy Life - Lessons From 8 Decades of Research." Posted January 2023. TED video, 28:38. https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_waldinger_the_secret_to_a_happy_life_lessons_from_8_decades_of_research/no-comments.

Zoos Victoria. "The Snow Leopard Cubs Have Been Named!" Zoos Victoria, April 29, 2020. Online video, 02:06. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7sdvQwCzW0.
Notes
  • Follow this guidance to reference online videos that are not movies or television programs.
  • Who you list as 'author' is up to your discretion and depends on the focus of your work.
  • When you put someone other than the author in the author position you must state their role, e.g. producer, vocalist, host, interviewer, conductor, dir (director) is the only 'role' that can be abbreviated.
  • Credits may include things like - Hosted by, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Featuring, Interview by, Interview with etc.
Footnote

Podcasts are cited much like television episodes and series.

Format

Footnote Number. Author First Name Last Name, “Title of Episode”, Episode Details, in Title of Series/Podcast, Publisher, Year, Podcast, Format/Medium, Time Stamp, URL.

First entry:

12. Erin Welsh and Erin Allman Updyke,  "Scurvy, Thanks a Lot, Evolution," Episode 19, February 5, 2019, in This Podcast Will Kill You, produced by Exactly Right, 2019, Podcast, MP3 audio, 4:22, https://thispodcastwillkillyou.com/2019/02/05/episode-19-scurvy-thanks-a-lot-evolution/.

13. Richard Fidler, "Making Peace with Stuttering," January 16, 2023, in Conversations, interview with Jonty Claypole, produced by Nicola Harrison and Carmel Rooney, 2023, Podcast, MP3 audio, https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/jonty-claypole-a-history-of-stuttering-in-defence-of-disfluency/14132196.

Second and subsequent entries:

14. Welsh and Updyke, “Scurvy, Thanks a Lot”, 4:22.

15. Fidler, “Making Peace with Stuttering”.

See: CMOS 14.168 Podcasts.

Include a time stamp for quotes and when it would help the reader locate a particular part of the material.
Bibliography

Format

Presenter's Last Name, First Name. "Episode Title." Episode number. Month Day, Year. In Title of Podcast/Series. Credits. Podcast, format, duration. URL.

Welsh, Erin, and Erin Allman Updyke. “Scurvy, Thanks a Lot, Evolution." Episode 19. February 5, 2019. In This Podcast Will Kill You. Produced by Exactly Right, 2019. Podcast, MP3 audio, 60:35. https://thispodcastwillkillyou.com/2019/02/05/episode-19-scurvy-thanks-a-lot-evolution/.

Fidler, Richard. "Making Peace with Stuttering." January 16, 2023. In Conversations. Interview with Jonty Claypole. Produced by Nicola Harrison and Carmel Rooney, 2023. Podcast, MP3 audio, 00:53. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/jonty-claypole-a-history-of-stuttering-in-defence-of-disfluency/14132196.
Notes
  • If the date of publication includes a month and day, the year may be repeated with the publication details.
  • Who you list as 'author' is up to your discretion and depends on the focus of your work.
  • When you put someone other than the author in the author position you should state their role, e.g. producer, vocalist, presenter, interviewer, conductor, dir (director) is the only 'role' that can be abbreviated.
  • Credits may include things like - Presented by, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Featuring, Interview by, Interview with etc.
  • See also: CMOS 14.165 Video and Film Recordings.
Footnote

Treated a bit like musical recordings, following the style for printed media.

Format

Footnote Number. First Name of performer OR Name of Group, “Title of Segment.” Title, Credits,  Year of Release, Format/Medium, Time Stamp.

First entry:

16.  Richelle Hunt, presenter, "The History, Evolution and Future of Garbage," The Conversation Hour, ABC Radio Melbourne, December 12, 2022, Audio, 4:25, https://www.abc.net.au/melbourne/programs/theconversationhour/the-conversation-hour-history-evolution-garbage/14117466.

OR

17. Conversation Hour, “The History, Evolution and Future of Garbage," presented by Richelle Hunt, ABC Radio Melbourne, December 12, 2022. Audio, 4:25, https://www.abc.net.au/melbourne/programs/theconversationhour/the-conversation-hour-history-evolution-garbage/14117466.

Second and subsequent entries :

18. Hunt, History and Future of Garbage, 4:25.

OR

19. Conversation Hour, 4:25.

Include a time stamp for quotes and when it would help the reader locate a particular part of the material.
Bibliography

Format

Title of Radio Program. Year. "Title of Episode." Credits. Network, Month Day, Year. Audio, duration. URL.

Conversation Hour.  "The History, Evolution and Future of Garbage." Presented by Richelle Hunt. ABC Radio Melbourne, December 12, 2022. Audio, 1 hr.  https://www.abc.net.au/melbourne/programs/theconversationhour/the-conversation-hour-history-evolution-garbage/14117466.

OR

Last Name, First Name / Organisation Name, role. Year. "Title of Episode." Credits. Title of Radio Program, Network, Month Day, Year. Audio, duration. URL.

Hunt, Richelle, presenter. "The History, Evolution and Future of Garbage." The Conversation Hour, ABC Radio Melbourne, December 12, 2022. Audio, 1 hr. https://www.abc.net.au/melbourne/programs/theconversationhour/the-conversation-hour-history-evolution-garbage/14117466.
Notes
  • Who you list as 'author' is up to your discretion and depends on the focus of your work.
  • When you put someone other than the author in the author position you should state their role, e.g. producer, vocalist, presenter, interviewer, conductor, dir (director) is the only 'role' that can be abbreviated.
  • Credits may include things like - Presented by, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Featuring, Interview by, Interview with, Read by, Performed by, etc.
  • For more information, see CMOS: 
Footnote

Treated like musical recordings, facts of publication following the style for printed media.

Format

Footnote Number. First Name Last Name of performer OR Name of Group, “Title of Speech/ Lecture,” Credits,  Year of Release, Format/Medium, Time Stamp.

First entry:

20. Jennifer Spoor,  "Individual Attributes: Personality and Individual Differences,"  Video 2.2 for Module 2 of MGT1OBE Organisational Behaviour, Semester 1, 2022.  La Trobe Business School, n.d., https://lms.latrobe.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=5445470&chapterid=712134.

Second and subsequent entries:

21. Spoor, “Individual Attributes”.

Include a time stamp for quotes and when it would help the reader locate a particular part of the material.
Bibliography

Format

Lecturer's Last Name, First Name(s). "Title of Lecture." Format of Presentation given for Topic Subject Code and Name and Date. Location: Publisher. URL.

Spoor, Jennifer. "Individual Attributes: Personality and Individual Differences."  Video 2.2 for Module 2 of MGT1OBE Organisational Behaviour, Semester 1, 2022. La Trobe Business School. https://lms.latrobe.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=5445470&chapterid=712134.
Notes
  • If there is no 'author' you can use the lecturer's name in the author position (as shown above).
  • Recorded lectures are treated as musical recordings. For publication facts follow the style for print media.
  • If there is no identifiable date you can use n.d. for ‘no date’.  
  • Credits may include things like - Presented by, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Featuring, Interview by, Interview with, Read by, Performed by, etc.
  • For more information, see CMOS: 
Footnote

Format

First entry:

Last Name, First Name or Organisation Name, role, Title of Work: Subtitle of Work, Credits, Publisher, Year, Recording Date, Format/Medium, Time Stamp, URL or database name.

22. Wayne Gehman, Wayne, dir., Embracing Aging, Vision Video, 2008, Streaming video, 4:25, https://www.kanopy.com/en/latrobe/video/235074

OR

Title of Work: Subtitle of Work. Directed by First Name Last Name, Credits, Publisher, Year, Recording Date, Format/Medium, Time Stamp, URL or database name.

23. Embracing Aging, directed by Wayne Gehman, Vision Video, 2008, Streaming video, 4:25, Kanopy.

Second and subsequent entries:

24. Gehman, Embracing Aging, 4:25.

25. Embracing Aging, 4:25.

See: CMOS 14.167 Online Videos.

Include a time stamp for quotes and when it would help the reader locate a particular part of the material.
Bibliography

Format

Last Name, First Name or Organisation Name, role. Title of Work: Subtitle of Work. Credits. Publisher, Year, recording date. Format/Medium. URL or database name.

Gehman, Wayne, dir. Embracing Aging. Vision Video, 2008. Streaming video. https://www.kanopy.com/en/latrobe/video/235074

OR

Title of Work: Subtitle of Work. Directed by First Name Last Name or Organisation Name. Credits. Publisher, Year, recording date. Format/Medium. URL or database name.

Embracing Aging. Directed by Wayne Gehman. Vision Video, 2008. Streaming video. Kanopy.
Notes
  • Who you put in the author position is up to your discretion and depends on the focus of your assignment.
  • When you put someone other than the author in the author position you must state their role, e.g. producer, vocalist, host, interviewer, conductor, dir (director) is the only 'role' that can be abbreviated.
  • Credits may include things like - Presented by, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Featuring, Interview by, Interview with etc.
  • Whether you include the database name or URL is up to your discretion however, be consistent.
  • See also: CMOS 14.167 Online Videos.
Footnote

Footnote

Format

Footnote Number. First Name Last Name, their role, Title of Program/Series, season #, episode #, "Title of Episode," Credits, aired Month, Day, Year, on Network, Time Stamp, URL.

First entry:

26. Julie Adams, dir., Catalyst, season 10, episode 26, "Scientists in Schools,” written by Mark Horstman, aired August 19, 2010, on ABC, 4:25, https://search-informit-org.ez.library.latrobe.edu.au/doi/10.3316/edutv.63073.

OR

27. Mark Horstman, writer, Catalyst, season 10, episode 26, "Scientists in Schools," directed by Julie Adams, aired August 19, 2010, on ABC, 4:25, https://search-informit-org.ez.library.latrobe.edu.au/doi/10.3316/edutv.63073

Second and subsequent entries :

28. Adams, “Scientists in Schools”, at 4:25.

29. Horstman, “Scientists in Schools”, at 4:25.

Include a time stamp for quotes and when it would help the reader locate a particular part of the material.
Bibliography

Format

Last Name, First Name, their role. Year. Title of Program/Series. Season #, episode #, "Title of Episode." Credits. Aired Month, Day, Year, on Network. URL.

Adams, Julie, dir. Catalyst. Season 10, episode 26, "Scientists in Schools." Written by Mark Horstman. Aired August 19, 2010, on ABC. https://search-informit-org.ez.library.latrobe.edu.au/doi/10.3316/edutv.63073.

OR

Horstman, Mark, writer. Catalyst. Season 10, episode 26, "Scientists in Schools." Directed by Julie Adams. Aired August 19, 2010, on ABC. https://search-informit-org.ez.library.latrobe.edu.au/doi/10.3316/edutv.63073.

OR

Title of Program/Series. Season #, episode #, "Title of Episode." Credits. Aired Month, Day, Year, on Network. URL.

Catalyst. 2010. Season 10, episode 26, "Scientists in Schools." Directed by Julie Adams and written by Mark Horstman. Aired August 19, 2010, on ABC. https://search-informit-org.ez.library.latrobe.edu.au/doi/10.3316/edutv.63073.
Notes
  • Who you list as 'author' is up to your discretion and depends on the focus of your work.
  • When you put someone other than the author in the author position you should state their role, e.g. producer, vocalist, presenter, interviewer, conductor, dir (director) is the only 'role' that can be abbreviated.
  • Credits may include things like - Lyrics by, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Featuring, Interview by, Interview with etc.
  • See also CMOS: